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Probiotics in Tilapia: Why Their Effectiveness Depends on the Rearing System and Not Just the Additive
Summary of the main tilapia culture systems and their relation to biotics. The figure illustrates closed systems (RAS, aquaponics, biofloc), semi-closed systems (IPRS), and open systems (cages, ponds, flow-through tanks, FTS) where probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been applied. Source: Laverde et al. (2026); Reviews in Aquaculture, 18(4), e70199.
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