by SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department
The slipper lobster may not be as famous as their cousins, the spiny lobsters, nor the “true” clawed lobsters of the north Atlantic. They are, however, a fraction of the price, costing only PHP 500 to PHP 700 ($9.50 to $13.20) per kilogram in the Philippines compared to PHP 1,500 to PHP 6,000 ($28.40 to $113.50) for a kilogram live catch of spiny lobster. In short, the slipper lobster is a delicious bargain.
Tasting somewhere between a clawed lobster and shrimp, the slipper lobster (Thenus orientalis) offers a good value on the seafood menu and is a sought-after local delicacy. It also holds a good potential of being sustainably farmed.
Currently, lobsters are mainly captured in traps or hand-caught by divers. Unfortunately, due to their high value, indiscriminate gathering occurred, particularly among spiny lobsters (Panulirus spp.), prompting the Department of Agriculture in the Philippines to establish collection and trade restrictions in 2020.
Expansion of the lobster industry is thus set on farming, or aquaculture, of the commodity. However, the absence of viable hatcheries to produce lobster seed poses a major roadblock to a lobster bonanza. At present, lobster farms still rely on fishers supplying them with wild-sourced juveniles under the eye of regulators.
Breeding and producing domesticated spiny lobsters have been actively pursued for decades, but they grow slowly, and their larval development is complicated, making the pursuit technically challenging. This is where the more affordable slipper lobster captures the hopes of sea farmers and aquaculture researchers.
While spiny lobsters take their time with larval development, taking up to 300 days, the slipper lobster larvae are reared within 30 days. Likewise, the spiny lobster goes through up to 11 larval development stages, while the slipper lobster only has four.
Seeing the tremendous potential in slipper lobster production, researchers at the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/AQD) embarked on the task of developing hatchery techniques in the Philippines as one of the prime candidate species, Thenus orientalis.
According to Dr. Shelah Mae Ursua, the project leader at SEAFDEC/AQD, they chose to study the slipper lobster not just because of its shorter larval stages but because its larvae are also hardier than the spiny lobster.
Also, to its credit, slipper lobster’s culture period from hatching to reaching market size is 14–16 months, trumping the 22–24-month period for the spiny lobster.
First successes
To breed the lobsters, Dr. Ursua arranged in April 2021 for specimens to be transported from Negros Island to SEAFDEC/AQD’s experimental facilities in Tigbauan, Iloilo, an eight-hour journey by land and sea.
By September 2021, egg-bearing lobsters started to hatch their brood. In October of the same year, another milestone was achieved ̶ a slipper lobster fanned out thousands of eggs with its pleopods to facilitate the hatching of phyllosoma larvae in full view of video cameras, vividly documenting its hatching behavior.
“With the recent spawning and hatching of the slipper lobster, we expect to successfully breed the slipper lobster in the laboratory. Right now, we are in the first stage of completing the life cycle in captivity,” said Dr. Leobert de la Peña, the Research Division Head at SEAFDEC/AQD.
Future direction
Slipper lobsters continue to hatch at Dr. Ursua’s laboratory. Her team is currently working to study the best way to grow the phyllosoma larvae, maintaining the water quality and feeding them the proper food before they are grown in nurseries and grow-out cages.
“The larval rearing stage is the most challenging phase of its life cycle development. Upon successfully rearing the phyllosoma larvae, the hatchery-produced seeds will be used for the experimental run in the grow-out culture of the slipper lobsters,” de la Peña added.
SEAFDEC/AQD Chief Dan Baliao commended Dr. Ursua’s project for the strides they have achieved only two years since the slipper lobster project launched with funding support from the Government of Japan Trust Fund (GOJ-TF). The project is programmed to continue until 2024.
“With the recent spawning and hatching of the slipper lobster, we could already standardize the protocols in the hatchery stage of the slipper lobster,” Baliao added.
Gov’t officials laud milestone
“With your spontaneous spawning in captivity of the slipper lobster, you have made great strides, and this is something impressive for us,” said Drusila Esther Bayate, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Assistant Director for Research, Regulations, and International Engagement.
Bayate anticipates that as SEAFDEC/AQD further develops the technology, the Philippines will eventually have a steady supply of slipper lobsters.
On the other hand, Rodolfo Vicerra, Department of Agriculture Undersecretary for Attached Agencies, remarked that just as SEAFDEC/AQD helped to raise tiger shrimps for export to Japan in the 1980s, a new industry could also be created out of the slipper lobster.
For Dr. Sayaka Ito, SEAFDEC/AQD Deputy Chief, the research on this commodity is also important to promote the slipper lobster as a new local aquaculture industry and open more livelihood opportunities.
So far, the most successful lobster farming industry is in Viet Nam, where an estimated 1,600 tons of spiny lobsters, worth USD 120 million, were reportedly farmed in 2016.”
Although lobster aquaculture production, which depends on natural seedlings, is unstable, it is a significant livelihood source for some coastal communities in Indonesia and Vietnam,” said Baliao. “If we succeed in mass production of the seedlings, we can sustainably supply those many times over, and it will contribute greatly to the stable production of the lobster.”
