Nanobubble technology has emerged as a powerful innovation in water treatment, particularly in the aquaculture sector, offering substantial benefits for the health and well-being of aquatic organisms. Nanobubbles in tank water provide higher levels of dissolved oxygen and a healthier environment for aquaculture species, increasing the efficiency and sustainability of cultivation systems.
This article explores how nanobubble technology is revolutionizing aquaculture practices, the factors to consider when choosing a nanobubble generator, an overview of leading companies marketing this technology, and the challenges that still need to be overcome.
What is a Nanobubble?
According to Atkinson et al., (2019), nanobubbles (NB) are “stable spherical gas packets within a liquid, operationally defined as those with diameters under 1000 nm (<1 μm), although they are typically around 100 nm in one dimension.”
The ultra-small size of nanobubbles grants them unique physical properties that make them very different from normal bubbles (Khan et al., 2020), allowing them to remain suspended in water much longer compared to conventional bubbles. Additionally, their capacity to enhance oxygen and other gas transfer in water has positioned this technology as an ideal choice for water treatment in aquaculture.
Nanobubble technology improves aeration systems. This high oxygen density is crucial in intensive farming environments where constant gas exchange and oxygenation are critical for the health of aquatic organisms. Moreover, nanobubbles are being used in wastewater treatment, aquaculture, hydroponics, aquaponics, algae bloom removal, and microbial biofilm reduction.
Importance of Nanobubbles in Water Quality
One of the most significant benefits of nanobubble technology is its ability to markedly improve water quality in aquaculture settings. Nanobubbles help remove contaminants and break down organic materials in water, reducing the amount of chemicals needed to maintain adequate water quality for farmed organisms.
Prolonged Oxygenation
Due to their small size, nanobubbles remain in the water longer, providing a constant source of oxygen to fish, shrimp, and bivalve mollusks in aquaculture. Marcelino et al., (2022) highlight that nanobubble technology can maintain high levels of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous phase compared to conventional aeration. In this regard, Tari y Ramasre (2024) report that the oxygen dissolution efficiency of nanobubbles is 85 percent, which is more than three times higher than that of conventional aeration.
Pathogen Elimination
Another key benefit is the capability of nanobubble technology to inactivate pathogens and reduce disease proliferation in aquaculture systems. Nanobubbles can introduce reactive oxygen species that help oxidize harmful bacteria and other microorganisms, thus protecting the health of fish, crustaceans, or mollusks. In this regard, Shiroodi et al., (2021) report that nanobubbles could be a viable technology to remove microbial biofilms from surfaces and enhance the efficacy of conventional disinfectants.
Reduction in Chemical Use
Lyu et al., (2019) emphasize that nanobubble technology can offer a cost-effective, reagent-free approach that generates numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are powerful oxidants that can effectively degrade contaminants and pathogens in water. According to Atkinson et al. (2019), the ROS production capacity is the most notable aspect of nanobubble technology as it reduces the need for chemical-based oxidants.
Enhanced Particle Aggregation
Nanobubbles can bind particles, making them easier to remove through filtration or sedimentation.
Anti-fouling Properties
Nanobubble technology can help reduce fouling on surfaces, improving the efficiency of water treatment systems.
Practical Applications of Nanobubble Technology in Aquaculture
The use of nanobubble generators in aquaculture systems is on the rise due to the tangible benefits this technology offers. Below are some practical applications in aquaculture:
Enhancement of Aquatic Species Growth
By improving oxygenation, nanobubbles promote healthy and rapid growth of aquatic species. This results in more efficient and sustainable production, especially in intensive farming systems. According to FAO (2022), using nanobubble technology could double shrimp production.
Yaparatne et al., (2024) reported that nanobubbles significantly improve productivity, growth rate, total harvest, and survival rate in fish and shrimp farming. Similarly, Rahmawati et al., (2021) studied the effects of nanobubbles on the growth environment of Penaeus vannamei shrimp, concluding that nanobubbles maintained dissolved oxygen within the optimal range and significantly impacted shrimp growth.
Reduction of Stress in Fish
Nanobubbles help reduce stress levels in fish by providing a continuous supply of oxygen, which is vital in high-density farming systems.
Algae and Microorganism Control
The ability of nanobubbles to break down nutrients and organic materials in water also helps control algae growth and waste accumulation. This is crucial in aquaculture, as excess algae can consume oxygen and create harmful conditions for fish.
Ng et al., (2023) determined that low-dose ozone nanobubbles at 0.025 ± 0.003 ppm reduced algae (Nitzschia sp.) by 66.4% within 5 minutes of treatment.
Control of Infectious Bacteria and Viruses
The application of nanobubbles has demonstrated effective control of bacteria and viruses, thereby increasing fish survival and inducing genetic expression patterns that trigger immune responses to infections (Yaparatne et al., 2024). Nghia et al., (2021) studied nanobubbles’ ability to reduce Vibrio parahaemolyticus (AHPND strain) and improve water quality, concluding that nanobubbles at effective doses could control V. parahaemolyticus and increase oxygen levels in aquaculture farms.
Dien et al., (2022) investigated the disinfectant impact of oxygen and ozone nanobubbles (NB-O2 and NB-O3) on a phage specific to Aeromonas hydrophila, finding that NB-O2 application enhances phage therapy effectiveness in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture. Meanwhile, NB-O3 application could be useful for disinfecting harmful viruses but should be avoided during phage treatments.
Research results from Dinh et al., (2024) demonstrated the efficacy of ozone nanobubbles (NB-O3) in disinfecting water and mitigating the risk of mycobacteriosis (Mycobacterium chelonae) in Betta fish (Betta splendens), offering a promising solution for disease control in the ornamental fish industry.
Removal of Nitrogen Compounds
Lu et al., (2024) combined nanobubble aeration with multi-source iron-based carbon compounds to stimulate aerobic denitrifiers, showing a 14.07% and 7.46% increase in total nitrogen (TN) removal rate, reaching 89.75%. Ramiro et al., (2024) highlighted that both nanobubble and microbubble aeration systems are effective in controlling total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), a crucial water quality parameter for shrimp farming.
Suriasni et al., (2023) emphasized that fine bubble and nanobubble aeration have great potential to improve biofilter performance, although they are not yet widely used in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS).
Vaccination Efficiency Enhancement
Vaccines are a key tool for combating diseases affecting aquaculture species. Scientists are also seeking to increase the efficiency of existing vaccines. Linh et al., (2022) reported that when combined with immersion vaccination against Streptococcus agalactiae, pre-treatment with ozone nanobubbles (NB-O3) enhanced vaccine efficacy. Vaccinated fish pre-treated with NB-O3 exhibited higher specific IgM antibody levels, indicating a stronger humoral immune response.
Larval Transport
Devkota et al., (2023) found that oxygen nanobubble water creates a more favorable environment for fish survival and well-being, outperforming other aeration methods in maintaining fish viability during transit. This indicates the potential for improving live fish transport outcomes.
Tari and Ramasre (2024) noted that nanobubbles can increase fish larvae survival rates during transport, reporting a significant effect on shrimp seed survival rates after 24 hours of nanobubble treatment.
Methods for Nanobubble Production
There are various methods to generate nanobubbles, including cavitation, electrolysis, electrochemical cavitation, nanoporous membrane application, hydrodynamic cavitation, mechanical agitation, ultrasonic sonochemistry, temperature difference method, alcohol-water exchange, and laser-activated gold nanosubstrates (Ovissipour, 2021). Chaurasia et al., (2023) and Tari and Ramasre (2024) describe some of the main processes for producing nanobubbles:
- Cavitation Method: Nanobubbles are produced by creating cavities in the system that reduce pressure below its critical value.
- Gas-Liquid Pressure Method: Involves pressurizing a gas-liquid mixture to form nanometer-sized bubbles. This technique is controlled to produce bubbles of the desired size.
- Hydrodynamic Method: Dissolves gas molecules in liquid molecules by hydrodynamically compressing the gas flow into the liquid. The mixture is released through nanoscale nozzles to generate nanoparticles at low pressure.
- Wave Pressure Method: Utilizes wave energy for nanobubble formation, commonly used for algae eradication.
- Electrolysis: Creates bubbles by passing an electric current through a liquid medium. By controlling the current, bubble size can be managed.
- Nanoporous Membrane Method: Involves creating nanometer-sized pores using pore-forming proteins like MspA porin, alpha hemolysin, aerolysin, etc.
Efficiency and Sustainability of Nanobubbles in Aquaculture
Nanobubbles not only improve water quality but also offer a sustainable method for managing resources in aquaculture. Unlike other oxygenation systems, nanobubble generators require less energy to maintain an adequate level of dissolved oxygen in the water, which reduces operational costs.
Additionally, the use of nanobubbles for water treatment contributes to a more eco-friendly approach by minimizing the need for chemicals and improving the efficiency of water resource use. This is especially crucial at a time when sustainability and reducing environmental footprints have become key factors in the aquaculture industry.
Key Factors for Choosing a Nanobubble Generator
For those looking to integrate nanobubble technology into their aquaculture systems, it is essential to consider certain factors when choosing a generator:
- Initial Cost and Maintenance: Some models come at a higher price, but their efficiency and durability make them a cost-effective investment. Other devices, like the nano bubble air stone, offer a more affordable option with lower maintenance requirements.
- Bubble Size and Density: The ability to adjust bubble size allows for customized oxygenation, ideal for different aquatic species.
- Compatibility with the Cultivation System: Ensuring that the nanobubble generator is compatible with the specific cultivation system is key to achieving the best results in terms of oxygenation and water treatment.
Companies That Market Nanobubble Generators
Table 01 describes the main companies that market nanobubble generator machines, their characteristics, and their applications:
Table 01: Companies That Market Nanobubble Generator Machines.
| Company | Main Features | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Moleaer | – High-efficiency oxygen transfer generators – Production of ultrafine, stable bubbles – Enhances agricultural processes through improved soil and irrigation oxygenation | – Aquaculture (enhancement of dissolved oxygen in ponds) – Water treatment (pollutant removal) – Agriculture (irrigation optimization) |
| AquaB Innovations | – High precision in dissolved oxygen (DO) control – Low energy consumption nanobubble generation – Technology focused on improving industrial processes | – Water use optimization in sectors like oil, gas, and wastewater treatment – Reduction of chemical usage and water recovery |
| Gaiawater | – Ultrafine nanobubble technology for various gases – Sustainability and reduced chemical usage in cleaning processes – Applications in mining, pools, and water body remediation | – Aquaculture (oxygenation and water quality) – Applications in mining, pools, and water body remediation – Agriculture (improvement of irrigation systems) – Industrial cleaning and lake/pond remediation |
| SIO Nanobubble | – Nanobubble production with electrical charge and high stability – Integration without external gas or additional pumping – Process optimization for semiconductor and sanitation industries | – Biofilm remediation, disinfection processes – Improved filtration and thermal efficiency in liquids – Surface treatment and industrial applications |
These companies offer nanobubble-based solutions that positively impact energy efficiency and sustainability across a variety of sectors. Applications include aquaculture, agriculture, water treatment, and more, promoting chemical-free processes that improve water quality and overall productivity.
Future Trends of Nanobubble Technology in Aquaculture
The future of nanobubble technology is promising, particularly with the continuous development of nanobubble generators and their applications in aquaculture. It is expected that the use of nanobubble generators will keep rising as more aquaculture operations seek sustainable and efficient technologies to maximize their production.
Research is also focusing on new applications of nanobubbles for contaminant removal and water quality enhancement, expanding their use in aquaculture and other industries. This paves the way for a more environmentally friendly and economically viable aquaculture industry.
In summary, the main challenges of using nanobubble technology in aquaculture can be grouped into:
- Quantification of Nanobubble Properties: Developing reliable methods to measure the size, stability, and surface properties of nanobubbles in complex water matrices is crucial.
- Understanding Formation Mechanisms: Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind nanobubble formation and stability.
- Proper Nanobubble Dosages: Scientists still need to determine the appropriate amount of nanobubbles per species, rearing stage, culture system, etc. Prokešová et al., (2024) studied the use of ozone nanobubbles (O3NB) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming and concluded that low O3NB treatment levels improved trout performance, whereas high O3NB levels negatively affected hatching, growth, yolk sac absorption, and survival.
- Optimization of Nanobubble-Based Technologies: Exploring optimal conditions for the generation and application of nanobubbles in various water treatment scenarios is essential.
- Economic Feasibility Assessment: Researchers should consider and evaluate factors such as infrastructure changes, maintenance costs, and energy consumption.
Conclusion
Nanobubble technology represents a revolution in water treatment and oxygenation in aquaculture. With a range of devices available, this technology has become accessible for various farming systems. The benefits of improved oxygenation, pathogen control, and chemical reduction make nanobubbles a crucial ally for sustainable and profitable aquaculture.
At a time when sustainability is a priority, water treatment with nanobubble technology is an innovative solution that can help transform the future of aquaculture, offering a healthier environment for organisms and ensuring more efficient and responsible production.
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