Microalgae have long been recognized for their treasure trove of valuable biomolecules. These tiny “factories” naturally produce a large amount of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, pigments, minerals, and vitamins. This makes them a renewable and sustainable source for a wide range of products, from nutraceuticals and food additives to aquaculture feeds and even biofuels.
But what if we could unlock even greater potential from these mini-factories of nature? This is where the exciting field of genetic engineering comes into play.
A study published in the journal Discover Applied Sciences, conducted by scientists from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Universiti Putra Malaysia, explores the potential of microalgae as a source of valuable compounds, the challenges associated with their cultivation and genetic engineering, and the future prospects for their commercialization.
Cultivation and Genetic Engineering of Microalgae
Cultivating microalgae requires specific conditions, including adequate light, nutrients, and carbon dioxide. Unlike terrestrial plants, microalgae do not need fertile soil, making them suitable for cultivation in diverse environments, including wastewater and recycled water. This approach not only treats wastewater but also generates valuable biomass. Additionally, microalgae can utilize carbon dioxide from industrial flue gases, providing an economical cultivation method.
Genetic engineering plays a crucial role in enhancing microalgae strains to improve productivity and metabolic efficiency. By introducing foreign genetic material into the microalgae genome, researchers can modify their characteristics to produce specific compounds of interest. Genome editing technologies have further advanced the field, enabling precise and targeted modifications.
Precision Tools for Enhanced Production
Scientists are employing a set of established tools to tweak microalgae at the genetic level. Techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN, ZFN, and genetic transformation allow for specific modifications, paving the way for optimized strains. Popular transformation methods include electroporation, particle bombardment (biolistics), bead agitation, and the fascinating use of Agrobacterium, a naturally occurring soil bacterium!
Beyond Lipids: A Universe of Biomolecules
Genetic engineering isn’t just about boosting lipid production. It allows us to fine-tune the entire metabolic machinery of microalgae. By targeting specific genes, scientists can increase the production of other valuable biomolecules such as proteins, pigments, and even specific types of carbohydrates. This paves the way for the development of microalgae strains optimized for various applications, from enhancing aquaculture feed to creating vibrant natural colorants for the food industry.
A World of Possibilities: From Research Lab to Real-World Applications
The recent explosion in genome sequencing and omics data for microalgae provides a wealth of information for researchers. This data enables more targeted genetic engineering, accelerating the development of superior microalgae strains. Imagine microalgae factories producing sustainable biofuels, enriching aquaculture feed, or providing us with a new generation of potent nutraceuticals, all thanks to the power of genetic engineering.
Safety First: Ensuring Responsible Development
As with any groundbreaking technology, harnessing the potential of genetically modified (GM) microalgae requires careful consideration of safety and regulations. Establishing clear regulatory frameworks will be essential to ensure the safe and responsible use of these powerful organisms. Open communication and collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and the public are crucial for building trust and paving the way towards a more sustainable future.
The Road Ahead: Safe Implementation and Regulation
Microalgae offer a sustainable and renewable source of bioactive compounds with applications across various industries. Their ability to grow rapidly and utilize diverse cultivation environments makes them a promising alternative to traditional resource extraction.
While the potential of genetically modified microalgae is undeniable, there are critical considerations for their safe and responsible implementation. Establishing clear and robust regulatory frameworks for genetically modified (GM) microalgae is essential. This ensures that these powerful tools are used responsibly for the benefit of society and the environment.
Contact
Malinna Jusoh
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Email: malinna@umt.edu.my
Reference (open access)
Ahmad Kamal, A.H., Mohd Hamidi, N.F., Zakaria, M.F. et al. Genetically engineered microalgae for enhanced bioactive compounds. Discov Appl Sci 6, 482 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-06116-5
