Tasmania, Australia.- Innovative research using fish-borne sensors has revealed how farmed Atlantic salmon are likely to respond to climate change as their aquaculture cages experience warmer temperatures and falling oxygen levels.
The study by a team of Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) researchers found that during the hottest summer on record, salmon in aquaculture cages in Tasmania’s Macquarie Harbour tended to concentrate in the middle depths to avoid low levels of oxygen at the bottom of their cages and warm surface waters at the top.
The project was funded by Sense-T, a partnership between the University of Tasmania, CSIRO and the Tasmanian Government, and also funded by the Australian Government.
Lead author Dr Kilian Stehfest said the research, published in the international journal Scientific Reports, showed that the vertical contraction of fish habitat is likely to be a significant response to warming from climate change.
“Atlantic salmon, both farmed and wild-caught, are a globally important commercial species,” Dr Stehfest said.
“It is crucial that we determine how they will respond to extremes of dissolved oxygen and ocean temperatures as the climate warms.
“While other studies have been done in laboratories or used equipment that shows how caged salmon behave as a group, our research is novel in that we used new acoustic telemetry tags to measure oxygen levels and temperature in real time in the immediate environment of the fish in on-farm conditions.
“This is the first time sensors have been used in this way, paving the way for similar uses in other species and situations to track how individual fish respond to different environmental conditions.
“Our study showed that salmon actively avoided low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels near the bottom of their cages and the warm waters at the surface.
“This behaviour peaked during the summer months as dissolved oxygen levels fell near the bottom and surface temperatures rose, leading to considerable contraction in the vertical habitat available to the fish.”
Dr Stehfest said that at the height of summer the salmon concentrated in the mid layer of their cages at depths of four to six metres, meaning only around two metres of their 17-metres deep cages was available to them.
“However, despite their avoidance behaviour, the fish still spent a large amount of time in waters with DO levels that would be deemed sub-optimal based on studies from other stocks, suggesting that the tolerance to such conditions of the Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon population might be higher than that reported for other stocks.
“These results highlight that local environmental conditions and the tolerance of fish to them need to be considered when determining the stocking densities at a given aquaculture site.”
The IMAS research team thanked Huon Aquaculture, the company whose cages in Macquarie Harbour were used during the study, for their assistance.
Dr Stehfest said the sensors attached to the fish had first been trialled in a tank under veterinary supervision and were found not to affect the swimming or feeding behaviour of the fish, and when tagged fish were harvested at the end of the study they were observed to be in good body condition.
Sense-T: http://www.sense-t.org.au/projects-and-research/aquaculture
Reference (open):
Kilian M. Stehfest, Chris G. Carter, Jaime D. McAllister, Jeff D. Ross & Jayson M. Semmens. Response of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to temperature and dissolved oxygen extremes established using animal-borne environmental sensors. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 4545 (2017). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04806-2
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-04806-2
