The global demand for seafood is increasing, placing immense pressure on aquaculture, the practice of raising fish and other aquatic animals. However, this growth brings a crucial challenge: disease outbreaks. These events can be devastating, causing the economic ruin of fish farms and wreaking havoc on ecosystems.
This is where biosecurity plans emerge as the ultimate defense. Biosecurity plans are comprehensive strategies designed to effectively prevent, detect, and control diseases. In today’s world, with the ever-present threat of new and emerging diseases, coupled with the urgent need for sustainable practices, biosecurity is more critical than ever.
Researchers from Suez Canal University and the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) published a scientometric study in the journal Aquaculture International, delving into the crucial role biosecurity plays in aquaculture, specifically focusing on disease prevention and environmental sustainability. The study explores the concept of biosecurity, its historical context, and how it is implemented in aquaculture practices.
The Biosecurity Arsenal: A Multi-Faceted Approach
Biosecurity encompasses practices to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases, pests, and other biological agents that threaten animal and plant health. It is increasingly important due to the rise of infectious diseases and bioterrorism threats.
So, how exactly does biosecurity work? It’s a multi-layered approach, employing a combination of physical, biological, and operational measures:
Biosecurity in Aquaculture
Biosecurity in aquaculture seeks to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogens within and between aquaculture facilities. It is classified into three main types: physical, biological, and operational.
- Physical Biosecurity: Think of fences, nets, and disinfection protocols to prevent the entry of potential disease vectors (birds, mammals, reptiles). These measures act like a fortress, keeping pathogens and unwanted wild fish out of aquaculture systems.
- Biological Biosecurity: This strategy focuses on strengthening the natural defenses of the fish. Techniques such as vaccination and proper nutrition can significantly reduce susceptibility to diseases. Additionally, disease-resistant species, probiotics, and immunostimulants can be used to enhance immunity and reduce disease risk.
- Operational Biosecurity: This involves daily routines that promote good health. Proper feed management, hygiene protocols, and water quality control are essential to maintaining animal health and preventing disease spread.
Key Elements of Biosecurity in Aquaculture:
All workers on an aquaculture farm must work together to create a comprehensive biosecurity plan that takes into account:
- Site Selection: Choosing an appropriate location that minimizes the risk of disease introduction and environmental impact.
- Water Source Management: Monitoring water quality, implementing treatment/filtration systems, preventing pathogen introduction.
- Sanitation and Hygiene: Regular cleaning, equipment disinfection, proper waste management, staff training in hygiene practices.
- Quarantine and Health Monitoring: Isolating new/returning animals, regular health checks, water quality monitoring, disease detection techniques.
- Population Density Management: Maintaining appropriate population densities according to species and environment to avoid stress and disease outbreaks.
- Feed and Nutrition Management: Using high-quality feed, proper formulation, avoiding overfeeding or underfeeding, proper storage to ensure animal health and minimize waste.
Future Perspectives
The article emphasizes the importance of biosecurity for the future of aquaculture, highlighting the need for:
- Effective and sustainable biosecurity measures.
- Improved disease prevention strategies.
- Reduced environmental impact.
- Ensuring product safety and quality.
Conclusion
Overall, this article provides a valuable overview of aquaculture biosecurity, its importance for disease prevention and environmental sustainability, and the significance of implementing effective biosecurity practices for the future of the aquaculture industry.
The study provides the following recommendations:
- Prevention is Key: The study emphasizes prioritizing preventive measures like health monitoring and vaccinations over relying on antibiotics and other treatments. This is crucial for long-term sustainability and reducing negative impacts.
- Collaboration is Crucial: Effective biosecurity requires everyone involved, from fish farmers to government agencies, to work together. Sharing resources, expertise, and best practices ensures that everyone is prepared for emergencies.
- Innovation for the Future: Investing in research on vaccines, disease treatments, and tracking technologies is essential. Additionally, exploring the social and economic impacts of biosecurity helps develop cost-effective strategies.
- Regulatory Responsibility: Strong regulations are needed to ensure the safe and responsible use of antibiotics, chemicals, and advanced breeding techniques. This also includes regulations for waste disposal, transportation, and fish sales.
The study was made openly accessible by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).
Contact
M. Fathi
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
Email: aquavet@hotmail.com
Reference (open access)
Aly, S.M., Fathi, M. Advancing aquaculture biosecurity: a scientometric analysis and future outlook for disease prevention and environmental sustainability. Aquacult Int (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01589-y
