Australia.- In relationships, “chemistry” is usually that “special something”, but Deakin chemists are on the brink of understanding the real chemistry of attraction in mussels. Surprisingly, this will have implications not only for aquaculture, but for animal husbandry and assisted human reproduction.
With his theory that sexual selection was unlikely to occur between rock-bound creatures like mussels, Charles Darwin under-estimated the power of chemistry.
Analytical chemist Associate Professor Xavier Conlan and PhD candidate Jake Penny are adapting nanoscale lab-on-a-chip technology to pin down the chemical signalling processes that allow mussels to sexually select “against the odds.”
Based within Deakin’s School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Associate Professor Conlan is working with colleagues from the University of Western Australia to investigate the chemical signalling that occurs between mussel sperm and eggs during spawning. The 36-month project is being funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Award and aims to help protect mussels from climate change, improve aquaculture production and contribute to understandings of the chemical underpinnings of reproduction in all animals.
“Understanding the chemical processes in reproduction for these shellfish is likely to have widespread evolutionary study implications and applications for numerous taxa, including mammals, fish, amphibians, plants and many marine invertebrates,” said Associate Professor Conlan.
“Most people aren’t aware that much of our current knowledge about sperm in many animals has come from the study of marine invertebrates like mussels. It was only in the 1980s that, with the help of marine invertebrates, we discovered that most sperm don’t enter the oviduct in mammals. Only a few sperm respond to the chemical call. We call this chemotaxis.”
Associate Professor Conlan explained that molluscs are “broadcast spawning” organisms like other sedentary marine invertebrates such as corals, sea squirts, star fish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Their breeding process is so useful to scientists because it is less straightforward than mammal reproduction and thus gives access to “many different interactions and useful chemical insights”.
Contrary to Darwin’s view that being rock-bound would make mussels unlikely to be sexually selective, modern scientists have discovered that sexual selection is much more than a matter of behaviour. It can even be influenced after mating by chemical or physiological factors.
Broadcast spawners face three main breeding challenges: turbulent ocean can quickly scatter their gametes (male and female cells that unite to form a fertilised egg); spawning is likely to occur during favourable tides for many species, so partnering with gametes of the same species is a challenge; and, finally, there is the challenge of finding the best mate from within their species.
Natural selection has solved the first two challenges. Chemical cues form a chemical “halo” around the egg and thus increase its effective size, so it’s easier to come into contact with sperm; and species-specific chemical profiles ensure same-species gametes are fertilised. However, scientists don’t understand how the third challenge is achieved – finding the best mate – yet they are optimistic that this is the key to improving commercial breeding outcomes and to progressing assisted human reproduction and animal breeding techniques.
“Until now, gaining a chemical understanding of this third process has been impossible due to the nature of mussels’ habitat,” said Associate Professor Conlan.
“It is hard to identify components in sea water because of the quantity of salt. But now, with lab-on-a-chip technology, we can research how mussel sperm and eggs select each other in sea water in the laboratory. We can observe one or a few sperm interacting with an egg and gain a mechanistic understanding of how specific sperm are guided to the gametes in broadcast spawners.” said Xavier Conlan, Associate Professor, Deakin´s School of Life and Environmental Sciences.
“Sexual selection is very much about optimising the egg’s chances of being successful. Perhaps due to the need for diversity, some sperm are more applicable to certain eggs.
“Fertilisation is a delicate process and there are biological trade-offs in all species. For instance, there are benefits to an egg that is ‘leaky’ and receptive because it is accessible to the sperm, but if too many sperm are attracted, the egg can explode. Once we know how the egg and sperm interact at the chemical level, we can, hopefully, improve fish and shellfish farming practices, perhaps through synthesising chemicals to replicate conditions in the ocean or developing new ways to achieve fertilisation for commercial production.”
The technology developed in order to understand more clearly the chemical processes of broadcast spawners may be adaptable for interrogating the biochemical process involved in human reproduction.
The research will also serve another important purpose – supporting climate change adaptation. Gametes in the ocean are sensitive to a range of ecological and environmental factors, such as population density, temperature fluctuations and water chemistry. The question of how these factors influence sperm chemotaxis is particularly relevant, given current warming trends and changes in ocean chemistry (including pH), coupled with the fact that both factors can influence sperm physiology and disrupt the signalling pathways that regulate sperm chemotaxis, potentially in a number of marine species.
“This research will provide much-needed insights into the resilience of a key component of the broadcast spawner life-cycle to changing environmental conditions,” Associate Professor Conlan said.
“It could also help breeders decide on the best places to locate their shellfish farms as they adapt to climate change.”
The team is working closely with biologists. Together, they are enthusiastic about their early findings – and delighted at the prospect of cracking the chemical mystery behind that “special something.”
Source: Deakin University
